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Cover of African American Feminisms, 1828-1923

African American Feminisms, 1828-1923

  • Published: 17 Jul 2007
  • DOI: 10.4324/9780415395373
  • Set ISBN: 9780415395373

The black women's club movement is frequently seen as definitive of "first-wave" African American feminism. However, this six-volume collection from the History of Feminism series draws together key documents that show the varied political work African American feminists were undertaking well before the turn into the 20th century.

African American Feminisms brings together writings that document distinctly African American feminist organizing from as early as the late 1820s through female benevolent and literary societies, as well as writings that document African American feminist participation in black political concerns such as emigration and colonization, discrimination in public transportation, and anti-lynching. African American women also negotiated competing demands within interracial reform movements like abolition, woman's rights, temperance and suffrage, as well as within organizations like the black church, making documents that offer insight into those unique demands key to understanding black feminist arguments and rhetoric. Pursuing a varied feminist rhetoric that ranged from advocating domestic and maternal feminism to defending black womanhood, African American feminists focused on larger social reforms as well as agitating for material changes in the lives of African American women and girls. African American feminists were also keenly attuned to opening useful venues to black feminist voices, from the pulpit to the press, and urged the women that followed them to continue this work.

This collection, which includes a variety of genres from the spiritual autobiography to the platform speech and the pamphlet, goes beyond the more common focus on the "greats" of black feminism to include lesser known black feminists and some unidentified women who contributed to black feminist debate on a variety of topics. African American Feminisms, edited and with an introduction by Teresa Zackodnik, is destined to be welcomed by those interested in women's studies, feminism, and African American history as an invaluable reference resource.

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General Introduction

Religious Work and Travels, Chester, PA: Olin T. Pancoast Press. 1909, 118pp., Introduction, Comments, Mrs. Annie E. Brown, Successful Revival, Results at Frederick, MD, A Lady Evangelist and Her Gospel Wagon, At St. John A. M. E. Church, A Colored Evangelist, Mrs. Brown Wins Many for Christ, Testimonial to Mrs. Brown, Mrs. Annie E. Brown, Colored Female Evangelist, At Bethel Church, Philadelphia, No African Bishop, Women in the Pulpits, A Picturesque Preacher, Portsmouth Having a Great Revival, She’s a Soldier of the Lord, Hundreds Converted, A Successful Revival, Mourners Flock Before the Altar, Mrs. Brown, Colored Evangelist, Meeting with much Success in Cambridge, Mass, Evangelistic Work at Cambridge, Three Thousand Men Listen to Mother Brown’s Advice, Woman Preacher’s Fervor, Sharp Street Memorial Church, A Great Revivalist, Gr at Spiritual Awakening, A Successful Revival, A Woman Evangelist, Advice to Negroes by a Negress, Thousands Hear Woman, A Wonderful Preacher, God’s Presence Manifested, Pennsylvania’s Capital Aroused, Harkisburg Hears God’s Call, Religious Awakening in Bethel Church, Another Visit to Harrisburg, Thousands Heard Her at Durham, Should Women Preach, A Picturesque Preacher, Aggressive Work at Huntington, L. I., Crowd at a Public Immersion, Thankfulness Of Dr. Gumbs, Woman Evangelist Draws Big Crowd, Port Jefferson Stirred up, A Great Religious Awakening, Woman Evangelisrs Work, Y. M. C. A. Evangelistic Meeting, Mrs. Brown The Evangelist, Heralding a Revival, One Hundred Converts at Washington, An Editor’s Testimonial, Pueblo Gets an Awakening, New Rescue Home, Fifty Sinners Respond to Sister Brown’s Call, New Soldiers for the King’s Army, Sister Brown is Here and Sinners Tremble, Mrs Annie E. Brown, Revival Breaks Out, Charleston, West Virginia, Alive, Great Revival At M. E. Church, A Woman of Wonders, St. James Council Instituted, Public Meeting Held, A Sermon of Vim, Women Evengelist to Preach, Great Religious Awakening, Great Revival now Going on, Comming–The Great Woman Evangelist, The Washington Evangelist, Rev. Annie E. Brown and Her Evangelistic Work, Heralded at Tampa, Jots from the Field, Index, Cary, Mary Ann Shadd, “Frederick Douglass,” The North Star 23 March 1849., “Letter XI [re: Julia Pell],” Letters from New York, New York: Charles S. Frances and Co., 1843, pp. 61–70., “We are Glad to Note in the Methodist Confer- ence . . . ,” Woman’s Era 2(1) (April 1895) p. 5., “In the April Number of the Era . . . ,” Woman’s Era 2(3) (June 1895): pp. 6–7., “Woman A Factor in the Development of Christian Missions. First Address at Columbus, Ohio, 1990,” Progressive Missions in the South and Addresses, Sara J. Duncan, Atlanta: Franklin Printing and Publishing, 1906, pp. 101–114., “Woman The Principal Projector to Christian Civilization. Spoken at Chicago, 1904,” Progressive Missions in the South and Addresses, Sara J. Duncan, Atlanta: Franklin Printing and Publishing, 1906, pp. 122–128., “Woman in the Churches,” Progressive Missions in the South and Addresses, Sara J. Duncan, Atlanta: Franklin Printing and Publishing, 1906, pp. 170–178., Memoirs of the Life, Religious Experience, Ministerial Travels and Labours of Mrs. Zilpha Elaw, An American Female of Colour: Together with Some Account of the Great Religious Revivals in America, London: T. Dudley, 1846, 172 pp., A Brand Plucked From the Fire. An Autobiographical Sketch, Cleveland, OH: W.F. Schneider, 1879, 125pp., Preface, Introduction, Birth and Parentage, Religions Impressions—Learning the Alphabet, The Primes—Going to School, My Teacher Hung for Crime, An Undeserved Whipping, Daried Experiences—First and Last Dancing, My Conversion, A Desire for knowledge—Inward Foes, Darious Boues Blasted, Disobedience, but Happy Results, A Religion as Old as the Bible, My Marriage, Removal to Boston—The Work of full Salvation, Early Fruit Gathered Home, New and Unpleasant Revelations, A Long Lost Brother Found, A Call to Preath the Gospel, Heavenly Visitations Again, Public Effort—Excommunication, Women in the Gospel, The Lord’s Leading—Philadelphia, A Visit to my Parents—Further Labors, Indignities on Account of Color—General Conference, Continued Labors—Death of my Husband and Father, Work in Various Places, Further Labors—A “Threshing” Sermon, My Cleveland Home—Later Labors, A World to my Christian Sisters, Love not the World, How to Obtain Sanctification, “The General Conference. The Proceedings of the Conference... Fourteenth Day,” Christian Recorder 29 May 1884: p. 2., “The General Conference. Report of the Two Last Days... Eighteenth Day,” Christian Recorder 5 June 1884: p. 2., “The North Carolina Conference – Presiding Elders’ Report,” Christian Recorder 10 December 1885: p. 2, The Life and Religious Experiences of Jarena Lee, a Coloured Lady, Giving an Account of her Call to Preach the Gospel, Philadelphi: For the author, 1836, 24pp., [Mrs. N.F.], “Our Woman’s Department,” Indi- anapolis World 11 June 1892., Old Elizabeth, Memoir of Old Elizabeth, a Coloured Woman, Philadelphia: David Heston, 1868, 26pp., “Cause for Encouragement,” The Liberator 14 July 1832., “An Address Delivered Before the Afric-American Female Intelligence Society of Boston. By Mrs. Maria W. Stewart,” The Liberator 28 April 1832.

View Volume 1 Contents

Female Benevolent and Literary Societies: “Address To the Female Literary Association of Philadelphia, “ The Liberator 9 June 1832., “Address to the Female Literary Association of Philadelphia, On their First Anniversary: By A Member,” The Liberator 13 October 1832., “An Address, Delivered before the Female Branch Society of Zion, by Wm. Thompson, at Zion’s Church on the 5th of April,” The Colored American 3 June 1837., “An Address Delivered before the Members of the Female Minervian Association,” The Liberator 1 March 1834., “Constitution of the Colored Female Religious and Moral Society of Salem,” The Liberator 16 February 1833., Douglass, Sarah Mapps, “Mental Feasts,” The Liberator 21 July 1832., —— “At the Annual Meeting of the Philadelphia Female Literary Association . . . ,” The Liberator 6 October 1837., “Female Associations . . . Constitution of the Afric-American Fe- male Intelligence Society of Boston,” Genius of Universal Eman- cipation 10(2) (March 1832): p. 163., Garrison, William Lloyd, “Female Literary Association”, The Lib- erator 30 June 1832., Hope, “The Colored Female Charitable Society,” The Liberator 29 December 1832., “Notice [re the Formation of the African Dorcas Association, New York City],” Freedom’s Journal 1 February 1828., “Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Female Assistant Soci- ety of New York, held in Zion Church, on the 28th February,” The Colored American 15 March 1838., “A Short Address, Read at a ‘Mental Feast,’ by a young lady of color,” The Liberator 11 May 1833., “Third Anniversary of the Ladies’ Literary Society of the City of New York,” The Colored American 23 September 1837., “Third Anniversary . . . the Female Wesleyan Anti-Slavery Society,” The Colored American 16 March 1839., Toronto Ladies Association for the Relief of Destitute Colored Fugitives, “American Slavery,” The Provincial Freeman 24 March 1853., “Worthy of Notice [re the Formation of the African Dorcas As- sociation, New York City],” The Colored American 25 January 1828., Abolition: Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society [Susan Paul], “To the Friends of the Anti-Slavery Cause in Massachusetts,” The Liberator 13 March 1840., Brown, William Wells, “Singular Escape,” The Liberator 12 January 1849., Cary, Mary Ann Shadd, “American Slavery”, The Provincial Free- man 24 March 1853., —— “Meeting to Organize the Provincial Union,” The Provincial Freeman 19 August 1854., —— “To the Provincial Freeman” and “Remarks,” The Provincial Freeman 26 August 1854., Douglass, Sarah Mapps, “American Slavery,” British Banner 20 November 1855., —— “Trifles,” The Anglo-African Magazine 1(1) (January 1859): pp. 55–56., Charlotte, “Sorrows of a Female Heart,” The Liberator 31 March 1832., Douglass, Grace Bustill and Sarah Mapps, “Letter from G. and S.M Douglass,” The Liberator 21 June 1839., Douglass, Sarah Mapps (“Zillah”), “A Mother’s Love,” The Libera- tor 28 July 1832., —— (“Sophanisba”), “Ella. A Sketch,” The Liberator 4 August 1832., —— “At a Stated Meeting of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society . . . ,” Pennsylvania Freeman 21 June 1838., —— “Appeal of the Philadelphia Association,” North Star 7 Septem- ber 1849., “Ellen Craft,” New National Era 14 December 1871., Farmer, William, “Fugitive Slaves at the Great Exhibition. London, June 26th, 1851,” The Liberator 18 July 1851., Forten, Sarah [“Magawisca”], “The Abuse of Liberty,” The Liberator 26 March 1831., Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, “The Colored People in America,” Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects, Boston: J.B. Yerrinton and Son, 1854, pp. 38–40., —— “The Free Labor Movement,” Frederick Douglass’ Paper 29 June 1855., —— “Could we Trace the Record of Every Human Heart . . . ,” National Anti-Slavery Standard 23 May 1857., —— “Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society . . . Speech of Miss Frances Ellen Watkins,” National Anti- Slavery Standard 22 May 1858., —— “Our Greatest Want,” The Anglo-African Magazine 1(1) (January 1859): p. 160., —— “Miss Watkins and the Constitution,” National Anti-Slavery Standard 9 April 1859., —— “Letter from Miss Watkins,” Anti-Slavery Bugle 23 April 1859., —— “A Word From Miss Watkins,” National Anti-Slavery Standard 18 February 1860., —— “Letter . . . Mrs Elizabeth Jones – Respected Friend,” Anti- Slavery Bugle 29 September 1860., —— “Lecture on the Mission of the War,” Christian Recorder 21 May 1864., —— “Speech of Mrs. Frances E.W. Harper,” The Liberator 11 Au- gust 1865., Paul, Susan, “Temptation Resisted,” American Anti-Slavery Al- manac for 1837, vol. 2, Boston: N. Southard and D.K Hitchcock, 1837, p. 42., Remond, Sarah Parker, “Letter from Miss Remond,” The Anti- Slavery Advocate 23(2) (November 1858): pp. 179–180., —— “Letter from Mr. Garrison,” The Anti-Slavery Advocate 26(2) (February 1859): p. 1., —— “Miss Remond’s Second Lecture on Slavery,” The Warring- ton Standard, and Lancashire and Chesire Advertiser 5 February 1859., —— “Miss Sarah P. Remond in Liverpool,” The Liberator 18 Febru- ary 1859., —— “Lecture on American Slavery by a Colored Lady,” “A Second Lecture by Miss Remond,” and “The Lecture at the Lion Hotel,” The Liberator 11 March 1859., —— “What Miss Remond Has Effected in Warrington,” The Anti- Slavery Advocate 28(2) (April 1859): p. 221., —— “Miss Remond’s First Lecture in Dublin,” The Anti-Slavery Advocate 28(2) (April 1859): pp. 221–224., —— “From our Dublin Correspondent,” National Anti-Slavery Stan- dard 30 April 1859., —— “Letter from Mr. Hormer,” The Anti-Slavery Advocate 30(2) (June 1859): p. 1., —— “Lectures on American Slavery,” Anti-Slavery Reporter 1 July 1859: pp. 148–151., —— “Miss Remond in Bristol,” The Anti-Slavery Advocate 33(2) (1 September 1859): p. 267., —— “Miss Remond in Manchester,” The Anti-Slavery Advocate 34(2) (1 October 1859): pp. 274–275., —— “Anti-Slavery Meeting in Manchester, England,” National Anti-Slavery Standard 15 October 1859., —— “Are American ‘Friends’ Implicated in the Slave System?” The Anti-Slavery Advocate 36(2) (1 December 1859): pp. 288–289., —— “Miss Remond in Yorkshire,” The Anti-Slavery Advocate 38(2) (1 February 1860): p. 306., —— “Great Anti-Slavery Meeting in Wakefield,” Frederick Dou- glass’ Paper 17 February 1860., —— “Miss Remond in Edinburgh,” The Anti-Slavery Advocate 47(2) (1 November 1860): pp. 377–378., —— “Monthly Summary,” The Anti-Slavery Reporter 1 November 1860: pp. 271–272., —— “American Slavery,” The Scotsman 29 December 1860., —— “Miss Remond in Scotland,” The Anti-Slavery Advocate 50(2) (1 February 1861): p. 399., —— The Negroes and Anglo-Africans as Freedmen and Soldiers, London: Victoria Press, 1864, 31pp., —— “Negro Character,” The Liberator 22 December 1865., —— “Letter from Sarah P. Remond,” National Anti-Slavery Stan- dard 3 November 1866., Stanton, Lucy, “A Plea for the Oppressed,” Oberlin Evangelist 17 December 1850., Stewart, Maria W., “An Address. Delivered in the African Masonic Hall, in Boston, Feb. 27, 1833. By Mrs Maria W. Stewart. (Con- cluded),” The Liberator 4 May 1833., Stowe,  Harriet  Beecher,  “Sojourner  Truth,  The  Libyan  Sibyl,” National Anti-Slavery Standard 28 March 1863., Truth, Sojourner, Advertisement for Narrative and Book of Life., —— “Proceedings of the Rhode Island State Anti-Slavery Society,” National Anti-Slavery Standard 28 November 1850., —— “Proceedings of the Anti-Slavery Convention Held at Union Village, Washington  County,  N.Y.,  the  20th  and  21st of February, 1851,” National Anti-Slavery Standard 6 March 1851., —— “Proceedings at the Anti-Slavery Celebration at Framingham, July 4, 1854,” The Liberator 14 July 1854., —— “Pro-Slavery in Indiana,” The Liberator 15 October 1858., —— “Letter from Sojourner Truth,” National Anti-Slavery Standard 13 February 1864., —— “Sojourner Truth,” Pacific Appeal 27 February 1864., —— “Letter from Sojourner Truth. The Story of her Interview with the President,” National Anti-Slavery Standard 17 December 1864., ——  “Sojourner  Truth  Among  the  Freedmen,”  National  Anti- Slavery Standard 17 December 1864., —— “Sojourner Truth writes us from Rochester, as follows,” Na- tional Anti-Slavery Standard 27 April 1867., —— “Sojourner Truth. Letter from Amy Post,” National Anti- Slavery Standard 26 December 1868., —— “Letter from Sojourner Truth – Land for the Freed-People”, National Anti-Slavery Standard 4 March 1871., “William and Ellen Craft,” National Anti-Slavery Standard 8 Febru- ary 1849., “Zelmire,” “Unnatural Distinction,” The Liberator 28 July 1832.

View Volume 2 Contents

Emigration and Colonization: Cary, Mary Ann Shadd, “Fugitive Slaves in Canada,” The Provincial Freeman 25 March 1854., —— “The Humbug of Reform.” The Provincial Freeman 27 May 1854., —— “Dear Freeman,” The Provincial Freeman 20 January 1855., —— “A Voice of Thanks,” The Liberator 29 November 1861., Douglass, Sarah Mapps (“Zillah”), “To Zillah” and “Reply to Woodby,” The Liberator 18 August 1832., —— “A General View of Hayti [Letter from J. Theodore Holly],” The Liberator 19 June 1863., Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, “Mrs. Frances E. Watkins Harper on the War and the President’s Colonization Scheme,” Christian Recorder 27 September 1862., Jennings, Elizabeth J., “Thoughts on Colonization,” Pacific Appeal 29 November 1862., —— “We Will Not Go,” Pacific Appeal 13 December 1862., Remond, Sarah Parker, “American Slavery and African Coloni- sation,” The Anti-Slavery Advocate 35(2)  (1  November  1859): pp. 282–283., Ruffin, Josephine St. Pierre, “Difficulties of Colonization,” Woman’s Era 1(1) (March 1894): p. 9., Truth, Sojourner, “Lecture by Sojourner Truth,” National Anti- Slavery Standard 10 December 1853., Wells, Ida B., “Iola’s Southern Field,” The New York Age 19 Novem- ber 1892., —— “Afro-Americans and Africa,” A.M.E. Church Review July 1892: pp. 40–45., Education: Beatrice, “Female Education,” The Liberator 7 July 1832., Brown, Charlotte Hawkins, “The Christian Teacher the Hope of Negro America, “ The United Negro: His Problems and His Progress. Containing the Addresses and Proceedings of the Negro Young Peo- ple’s Christian and Educational Congress, Held August 6–11, 1902, eds I. Garland Penn and J.W.E. Bowen, Atlanta: D.E. Luther, 1902, pp. 428–429., Bruce, Josephine B, “What Has Education Done for Colored Women,” Our Woman’s Number. The Voice of the Negro 1(7) (July 1904): pp. 294–298., Burroughs, Nannie Helen, “Industrial Education – Will it Solve the Negro Problem,” Colored American Magazine 7(4) (March 1904): pp. 188–190., —— “National Training School for Women and Girls,” Solicitation for support, Booker T. Washington Papers, Library of Congress., —— “Letter to Emmett J. Scott re National Training School for Women and Girls,” 14 May 1908, Booker T. Washington Papers, Library of Congress., —— “Letter to Booker T. Washington re National Training School for Women and Girls,” 14 May 1908, Booker T. Washington Papers, Library of Congress., —— “Letter to Booker T. Washington re National Training School for Women and Girls,” 30 May 1908, Booker T. Washington Papers, Library of Congress., —— “Letter to Booker T. Washington re National Training School for Women and Girls,” 2 September 1912, Booker T. Washington Papers, Library of Congress., Campbell, Katie S., “Our Educational Interest,” New National Era 12 June 1873., Colored Woman’s League, Fourth Annual Report of the Colored Woman’s League of Washington, D.C., For the Year Ending January 1, 1897, Washington, D.C.: F.D. Smith Co, 1897., Cooper, Anna Julia, “The Higher Education of Women,” The South- land 2(2) (April 1891): pp. 186–202., Douglass, Sarah Mapps (“Zillah”), “Sympathy for Miss Crandall,” Emancipator 20 July 1833., Forten, Charlotte, “Life on the Sea Islands. Part I,” The Atlantic Monthly (May 1864): pp. 587–596., —— “Life on the Sea Islands. Part II,” The Atlantic Monthly (June 1864): pp. 666–676., Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, “Letter from Miss Watkins,” Anti- Slavery Bugle 21 May 1859., —— “Letter from Ellen Watkins,” Anti-Slavery Bugle 9 July 1859., Jones, Anna Holland, “The American Colored Woman,” The Voice of the Negro 2(10) (October 1905): pp. 692–694., Joyce, “Notes to Girls No. 2,” The People’s Advocate 27 November 1880., Logan, Adella Hunt (Mrs. Warren Logan), “What Are the Causes of the Great Mortality Among the Negroes in the Cities of the South, and How is That Mortality to be Lessened?” Twentieth Century Ne- gro Literature, or a Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relat- ing to the American Negro by One Hundred of America’s Greatest Negroes, ed. D.W. Culp, J.L. Nichols, 1902, pp. 198–202., Mossel, Gertrude [Mrs. N.F.], “Our Woman’s Department. Educa- tion and Marriage,” The New York Freeman 30 October 1836., Paul,  Susan,  “Reply”  and  “Correspondence,”  The  Liberator 13 August 1836., ——  “Miss  Paul’s  Juvenile  Concert,”  The  Colored  American 4 March 1837., Report of the Association for the Promotion of Child Training in the South. September 1899–May 1 1900, 7pp., Silone-Yates, Josephine, “Afro-American  Women  as  Educa- tors,” Women of Distinction: Remarkable Works and Invincible Characters, ed. Lawson A. Scruggs, Raleigh, N.C.: L.A. Scruggs, 1893, pp. 309–319., Sprague, Rosetta Douglass, Mary Church Terrell, Rosa Bowser, and Sarah Dudley Pettey, “What Role is the Educated Negro Woman to Play in the Uplifting of her Race?” symposium, Twentieth Century Negro Literature, or a Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Re- lating to the American Negro by One Hundred of America’s Greatest Negroes, ed. D.W. Culp, J.L. Nichols, 1902 pp. 166–185., Stewart, Maria, “Mrs. Steward’s Essays,” The Liberator 7 January 1832., Washington, Booker T., “Note forwarding Nannie Helen Burroughs Letter of 14 May 1908 to Margaret Murray Washington. re National Training School for Women and Girls,” 28 May 1908, Booker T. Washington Papers, Library of Congress., Washington, Josephine Turpin, “Higher Education for Women,” The People’s Advocate 12 April 1884., Williams, Fannie Barrier, “Industrial Education – Will it Solve the Negro Problem,” Colored American Magazine 7(7) (July 1904): pp. 491–495., Labor and Employment: Burroughs, Nannie Helen, “The Colored Woman and Her Relation to the Domestic Problem,” The United Negro: His Problems and His Progress. Containing the Addresses and Proceedings of the Negro Young People’s Christian and Educational Congress, Held August 6–11, 1902, eds. I. Garland Penn and J.W.E. Bowen. Atlanta: D.E. Luther, 1902, pp. 324–329., Cary, Mary Ann Shadd, “Report on Woman’s Labor,” Proceedings of the Colored National Labor Convention, Held In Washington, D.C. December 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th, 1869, Washington, D.C.: Printed at the Office of The New Era, 1870, pp. 21–22., —— “Letters to the People – No. 1. Trade for Our Boys,” New National Era 21 March 1872., —— “Letters to the People – No. 2. Trade for Our Boys,” New National Era 11 April 1872., Cooper, Anna Julia, “Colored Women as Wage-Earners,” The South- ern Workman 28 August 1899: pp. 295–298., Haynes, Elizabeth Ross, “Two Million Negro Women at Work,” The Southern Workman 51(2) (February 1922): pp. 64–72., Hunton, Addie, “Employment of Colored Women in Chicago,” The Crisis 1(3) (January 1911): pp. 24–25., Jackson, Mary E., “The Colored Woman in Industry,” The Crisis 17(1) (November 1918): pp. 12–17., Moore-Smith, Alberta, “Woman’s Development in Business,” The Colored American Magazine (March 1902): pp. 323–326., Mossell, Gertrude [Mrs N.F.], “Our Woman’s Department . . . Employment for Women,” New York Freeman 16 October 1886., —— “Our Woman’s Department . . . Self-supporting Women. Op- portunities of Self-supporting Open to Women of Color,” The New York Freeman 6 February p886., A Negro Nurse, “More Slavery at the South.” The Independent 25 January 1912: pp. 196–220., Parsons, Lucy, “Mrs. Parson’s Lecture [I am an anarchist . . . ],” The Kansas City Journal 21 December 1886., —— “Mrs. Lucy Parsons,” Omaha Republican 22 December 1886., —— “Lucy Parson’s Screed,” The New York Herald 29 August 1887., Stewart, Maria W., “Lecture. Delivered at the Franklin Hall, Boston, September 21st, 1832. By Mrs. Maria W. Stewart,” The Liberator 17 November 1832., Terrell, Mary Church. “What it Means to Be Colored in the Capital of the United States,” The Independent 24 January 1907: pp. 181– 186., Tillman, Katherine Davis, “Afro-American Women and Their Work,” AME Church Review April 1895: pp. 477–499., —— “Paying Professions for Colored Girls,” The Voice of the Negro 4(1–2) (January–February 1907): pp. 54–56., Williams, Fannie Barrier, “The Problem of Employment for Negro Women,” Hampton Negro Conference 7 (1903): pp. 40–47., —— “A Northern Negro’s Autobiography,” The Independent 14 July 1904: pp. 91–96., —— “The Woman’s Part in a Man’s Business,” The Voice of the Negro 1(11) (November 1904): pp. 543–547., ——  “Colored  Women  of  Chicago,”  The  Southern  Workman (October 1914): pp. 564–566., Williams, Florence, “The Ways of the World. Woman’s Work and Woman’s Wages,” The New York Age 9 March 1889., Journalism: Cary, Mary Ann Shadd, “Number Two,” The Provincial Freeman 25 March 1854., —— “Saturday, July 15. I did not send to you the first part of this ‘missive . . . ,” The Provincial Freeman 22 July 1854., —— “Dear ‘C’,” The Provincial Freeman 21 October 1854., Cooper, Anna Julia, “Prospectus to Our Woman’s Department,” The Southland 1(3) (May 1890): pp. 159–162., Langston, Carrie, “Women in Journalism,” The Atchison Blade 1(9) (10 September 1892): p. 1., Mosell,  Gertrude   [Mrs.   N.F.],   “Our   Woman’s   Depart- ment . . . Women and Journalism,” New York Freeman 8 May 1886., —— “Our Woman’s Department . . . Women as Journalists,” New York Freeman 5 June 1886., —— “Our Woman’s Department . . . Women’s National Press Asso- ciation,” New York Freeman 25 December 1886., Ruffin, Josephine St. Pierre, “Editorial,” Woman’s Era 2(1) (April 1895): pp. 8–9., Migration: Emerson, Helen Titus, “Children of the Circle,” Charities 15(1) (7 October 1905): pp. 81–83., Fernandis, Sarah Collins, “A Social Settlement in South Washing- ton,” Charities 15(1) (7 October 1905): pp. 64–66., Francis, Betty G., “The Colored Young Women’s Christian Associ- ation,” The Colored American Magazine (February 1906): pp. 126– 129., Griffin, Maude K., “The Negro Church and Its Social Work – St. Mark’s,” Charities 15(1) (7 October 1905): pp. 75–76., Hunton, Addie, “Women’s Clubs: Caring for Young Women,” The Crisis 2(3) (July 1911): pp. 121–122., Kellor, Frances, “Southern Girls in the North: The Problem of Their Protection,” Charities 13(25) (18 March 1905): p. 2., —— “Assisted Emigration  From  the  South,”  Charities  15(1) (7 October 1905): pp. 1–14., —— “Associations for Protection of Colored Women,” The Colored American Magazine (December 1905): pp. 695–699., Matthews, Victoria Earle, “Some of the Dangers Confronting South- ern Girls in the North,” Hampton Negro Conference 2 (July 1898): pp. 62–69., Mossell, Gertrude [Mrs. N.G.], “Our Woman’s Department . . . A Word of Counsel,” New York Freeman 13 February 1886., Ovington, Mary White, “The Negro Home in New York,” Charities 15(1) (7 October 1905): pp. 25–30., Rhodes, E.M., “A New Opportunity for Women,” The Colored Amer- ican Magazine (January 1906): pp. 26–29., —— “The Protection of Girls Who Travel: A National Movement,” The Colored American Magazine (August 1907): pp. 114–115., Williams, Fannie Barrier, “The Need of Social Settlement Work for the City Negro,” The Southern Workman 33 (September 1904): pp. 501–506.

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Discrimination in Public Transportation: “An  Appeal  to  the  White  Christian Women of the Southland,” The Colored American Magazine (January–February 1902): pp. 251–252., “Extracts from a letter . . . ,” The Liberator 23 April 1858., “Outrage Upon Colored Persons,” New York Tribune 19 July 1854., “The Right of Colored Persons to Ride in the Railway Cars,” Pacific Appeal 16 May 1863., “To the Editor of the Liberator,” The Liberator 5 April 1834., “Another Brutal Outrage,” The Liberator 17 September 1841., “Slavery Still at its Dirty Work,” The Liberator 20 January 1860., “American Meanness in England,” National Anti-Slavery Standard 28 January 1860., “Disabilities of American Persons of Color,” The Liberator 17 February 1860., “Separate Car Law,” Woman’s Era 2(10) (February 1896): p. 9., “The Jim Crow Car,” The New York Age 8 August 1891., Lynching: “A Distinguished Woman Honored,” American Citizen 21 October 1892., “A  Few  Words  About  Lynching,” Alexander’s Magazine 5(4) (February 1908): pp. 93–94., “The Direct Cause and Remedy for Lynching,” in “The Northeastern Federation of Women’s Clubs,” Alexander’s Magazine 6(5) (September 1908): pp. 228–232., “The Anti-Lynching Crusaders,” The Crisis (November 1922): p. 8., Balgarnie, Florence, “Resolutions Passed by the English Anti-Lynching Committee,” Woman’s Era 2(7) (November 1895): p. 5., “The Bitter Cry of Black America. A New ‘Uncle-Tom’s Cabin,’” Westminster Gazette 10 May 1894., “Duty to Dependent Races,” Transactions of the National Council of Women of the United States, Assembled in Washington, D.C., February 22 to 25, 1891, ed. Rachel Foster Avery. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1891, pp. 86–91., Hopkins, Pauline Elizabeth, “Famous Women of the Negro Race,” The Colored American Magazine (March 1902): pp. 276–280., “Miss Wells In Scotland,” Parson’s Weekly Blade 27 May 1893: p. 2., “Our Woman’s Department . . . At Homestead the Negro got a chance in the Carnegie Mills . . . ,” Indianapolis World 27 August 1892., “The Ninth Crusade,” The Crisis (March 1923): pp. 213–217., “An Open Letter to Mrs. Laura Ormiston Chant,” Woman’s Era 1(3) (June 1894): p. 6., Ruffin, Josephine St. Pierre, “How to Stop Lynching,” Woman’s Era 1(2) (May 1894): pp. 8–9., “. . . attention . . . is called to the open letter to Mrs. Chant,” Women’s Era 1(3) (June 1894): p. 9., “Apologists for Lynching,” Woman’s Era 1(3) (June 1894): p. 14., “Great Britain’s Compliment to American Colored Women,” Women’s Era 1(5) (August 1894): p. 1., “Miss Willard and the Colored People,” Woman’s Era 2(4) (July 1895): p. 12., “Lady Somerset and Miss Willard Confess of Themselves Apologists for Lynching,” Woman’s Era 2(5) (August 1895): p. 17., —— “Lynching in the United States,” Woman’s Era 2(5) (August 1895): p. 17., “Sentiment Against Lynching,” Parson’s Weekly Blade 24 May 1894., “Lynching from a Negro’s Point of View,” North American Review 178 (1904): 853–868., “Lines  to  Ida  B.  Wells,”  Christian Recorder 5 July 1894: p. 1., Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases, New York: New York Age, 1892, 25pp.: Preface, Hon. Fred. Douglass’s Letter, The Offense, The Black and White of it, The New Cry, The Malicious and Untruthful White Press, The South’s Position, Self Help, “Lynch Law in All its Phases,” Our Day 11(65) (May 1893): pp. 333–347., “Lynch Law,” The Reason Why The Colored American is not in the World’s Columbian Exposition, ed. Ida B. Wells, Chicago, 1893, pp. 25–39., “The English Speak,” The Cleveland Gazette 16 June 1894: p. 1., “Dear Mrs. Ridley,” Woman’s Era 1(4) (July 1894): p. 4., A Red Record. Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynchings in the United States, 1892–1893–1894, Chicago: Dono- hue and Henneberry, 1894, 101pp., Preface, The Case Stated, Lynch Law Statistics, Lynching Imbeciles, Lynching of Innocent Men, Lynched. for anything or Nothing, History of some Cases of Rape, The Crusade Justified, Miss Willard’s Attitude, Lynching Record for 1894, The Remedy, Lynch Law in Georgia, Chicago: Chicago Colored Citizens, 1899, 18pp., “The Negro’s Case in Equity,” The Independent 26 April 1900: pp. 1010–1011., “To the Members of the Anti-Lynching Bureau,” 1 January 1902., “How Enfranchisement Stops Lynchings,” Original Rights Magazine (June 1910): pp. 42–53., The Arkansas Race Riot, Chicago: Hume Job Print, 1920, 58pp., The Elaine Riot, Their Crime, The Riot, Their Case Stated, What White Polks got from Riot, The Johnston Boys, The Trial, Motion for a New Trial, The Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America, Summary and Contrast, The Arkansas Supreme Court Acts

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Defense of Black Womanhood: A Black Woman of the South, “Letter from a Black Woman,” New National Era 11 April 1872., “The Social Status of the Colored Women and its Betterment,” The United Negro: His Problems and His Progress. Containing the Addresses and Proceedings of the Negro Young People’s Christian and Educational Congress, Held August 6–11, 1902, eds I. Garland Penn and J.W.E. Bowen, Atlanta: D.E. Luther, 1902, pp. 449–450., “Discussion of the Same Subject [The Organized Efforts of the Colored Women of the South to Im- prove Their Condition],” The World’s Congress of Representative Women, ed. May Wright Sewall, New York: Rand, McNally, 1894, pp. 724–729., “Discussion of the Same Subject [The Intellec- tual Progress of the Colored Women of the United States Since the Emancipation Proclamation],” The World’s Congress of Represen- tative Women, ed. May Wright Sewall, New York: Rand, McNally, 1894, pp. 711–715., “Discussion Continued [The Intellectual Progress of the Colored Women of the United States Since the Eman- cipation Proclamation],” The World’s Congress of Representative Women, ed. May Wright Sewall, New York: Rand, McNally, 1894, pp. 715–718., “The Organized Efforts of the Colored Women of the South to Improve Their Condition,” The World’s Congress of Representative Women, ed. May Wright Sewall, New York: Rand, McNally, 1894, pp. 718–724., “Coloured Women of America,” Englishwoman’s Review 15 January 1878, pp. 10–15., “Negro Womanhood Defended,” Our Woman’s Number. The Voice of the Negro 1(7) (July 1904): pp. 280–282., “The Union of Our Forces,” Woman’s Era 3(4) (October and November 1896): pp. 5–6., "The Burden of the Educated Colored Woman,” Hampton Negro Conference 3 (July 1899): pp. 37–43., “The Man Jacks. . . ,” Woman’s Era 2(4) (July 1895): pp. 2–3., “An Explanation” and “The National Federation of Afro- American Women,” Woman’s Era 2(12) (May 1896): pp. 7–9., “Open Letter from Chairman of Ex. Com. of N.F.A.-A.W.,” Woman’s Era 3(2) (June 1896): p. 7., “An Open Letter to the Members of the National Federation of Afro-American Women,” Woman’s Era 2(10)(February 1896): pp. 5–6., “A Charge to be Refuted,” Woman’s Era 2(3) (June 1895): p. 9., “Address to the First National Conference of Colored Women,” Woman’s Era 2(5) (August 1895): pp. 13–15., “Some Information Concerning Jacks, the Letter Writer,” Woman’s Era 2(9) (January 1896): p. 12., “The Progress of Colored Women,” Our Woman’s Number. The Voice of  the  Negro  1(7)  (July  1904): pp. 291–294., “Social Improvement of the Planta- tion Woman,” Our Woman’s Number. The Voice of the Negro 1(7) (July 1904): pp. 289–290., “Our Women,” The New York Age 1 January 1887., “The Model Woman,” The New York Age 18 February 1888., “The Intellectual Progress of the Colored Women of the United States Since the Emancipation Proclamation,” The World’s Congress of Representative Women, ed. May Wright Sewall, New York: Rand, McNally, 1894, pp. 696–711., "The Colored Girl,” The Voice of the Negro (June 1905): pp. 400–403., “The Social Status of the Negro Woman,” Our Woman’s Number. The Voice of the Negro 1(7) (July 1904): pp. 298–300., Domestic Feminism: “A Century’s Progress of the American Col- ored Woman,” The Voice of the Negro 2(9) (September 1905): pp. 631–633., “Address Before the Women’s Meeting,” Social and Physical Conditions of Negroes in Cities, ed. W.E.B. DuBois Atlanta: Atlanta University Press, 1897, pp. 55–57., “Our Woman’s Department. Home,” The New York Freeman 4 December 1886., “A Word to the A.A.W. [Association for the Advancement of Women],” Woman’s Era 1(8)(November 1894): p. 8., “Editorial,” Woman’s Era 2(2) (May 1895): p. 10., “Woman as a Factor in the Solution of Race Problems,” The Colored American Magazine (February 1907): pp. 126–135., “What the Citizen Owes to the Gov- ernment,” The New York Globe 9 June 1883., “Woman’s Mission,” New York Freeman 26 December 1885., Maternal Feminism: “Home Missions,” AME Church Review 14 (April 1898): pp. 449–451., “Some Straight Talk to Mothers,” The National Baptist Union 13 February 1904, p. 4., Enlightened Motherhood. An Ad- dress By Mrs. Frances E.W. Harper, Before the Brooklyn Literary Society, November 15th, 1892, 8pp., “A Pure Motherhood the Basis of Racial Integrity,” The United Negro: His Problems and His Progress. Containing the Addresses and Proceedings of the Negro Young People’s Christian and Educational Congress, Held August 6–11, 1902 eds I. Gar- land Penn and J.W.E. Bowen, Atlanta: D.E. Luther, 1902, pp. 433– 435., “Mother’s Meetings,” Social and Physical Con- ditions of Negroes in Cities, ed. W.E.B. DuBois, Atlanta: Atlanta University Press, 1897, pp. 61–62., “Need of Co-operation of Men and Women in Correctional Work,” Woman’s Era 2(2)(May 1895): pp. 4–5., Club Movement: “Conventions Held by Our Women,” Alexander’s Magazine 4(5) (September 1907): pp. 269–273., “Negro Women’s Clubs and the Community,” The Southern Workman 39 (January 1910): pp. 33–34., “Need of Kindergartens,” Social and Physical Conditions of Negroes in Cities, No. 2, ed. W.E.B. DuBois, Atlanta: Atlanta University Press,1897, pp. 66–69., “Woman’s Part in the Uplift of Our Race,” The Colored American Magazine 3 (March 1907): pp. 222–223., “Woman,” The Colored American Magazine (August 1909): pp. 103–104., “Advancement of Women,” The New York Age 19 November 1887., “The Work of the Woman’s League, Washington D.C.,” Some Efforts of American Negroes For Their Own Social Betterment, ed. W.E.B. DuBois, Atlanta: Atlanta University Press, 1898, pp. 57–59., “A Girls’ Clubhouse,” The Crisis 6(6) (October 1913): pp. 294–296., “The Status of the Negro Woman in the Nation,” National Association Notes 17 (January–February 1915): pp. 3–9., “Woman’s Part in the Uplift of the Negro Race,” The Colored American Magazine (March 1907): pp. 264–267., “Echoes from the Annual Convention of Northeastern Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs,” The Colored American Magazine (October 1903): pp. 709–713., “The Southern Federation of Colored Women,” The Voice of the Negro 2(12) (December 1905): pp. 850–854., “The National Association of Colored Women: Its Real Signif- icance,” The Colored American Magazine (July 1908): pp. 417–424., “Women’s Clubs at Tuskegee,” Woman’s Journal 5 June 1897., “The ‘N’ Street Day Nursery,” The Crisis 3(4) (February 1912): pp. 165–166., “The National Colored Woman’s Congress,” Woman’s Era 2(9) (January 1896): pp. 2–7., “National Conference of Colored Women Held in Berkeley Hall, Boston, Mass., July 29, 30, 31, 1895,” Conference Souvenir Number, Woman’s Era 2(5) (August 1895): pp. 1–15., “Let Us Confer Together,” Woman’s Era 2(3) (June 1895): p. 8., “To the Women of the Country,” Woman’s Era 2(5) (August 1895): p. 16., “The Convention of the N.F. A.-A. W.,” Woman’s Era 3(2) (June 1896): p. 4., “The National Association of Colored Women,” Our Woman’s Number. The Voice of the Negro 1(7) (July 1904): pp. 283–287., “Kindergartens and Mothers’ Clubs as Related to the Work of the National Association of Colored Women,” The Colored Ameri- can Magazine (June 1905): pp. 304–311., “A Few Possibilities of the National Associa- tion of Colored Women,” AME Church Review July 1896: pp. 219– 225., “Announcement” and “First Minutes of the National Associa- tion of Colored Women,” Woman’s Era 3(3) (August 1896): pp. 3–4, 11., The Progress of Colored Women. An address delivered be- fore the National American Women’s Suffrage Association at the Columbia Theater, Washington, D.C., February 18,1898, on the occasion of its Fiftieth Anniversary, Washington: Smith Brothers, 1898, pp. 7–15., “The Duty of the National Association of Colored Women,” AME Church Review 16(3) (January 1900): pp. 340–354., “What the Club Does for the Club-Woman,” The Colored American Magazine (February 1907): pp. 122–125., “Call to the National Federation of Afro-American Women,” Woman’s Era 2(7)(November 1895): pp. 2–3., “The Gain in the Life of Negro Women,” The Outlook 76(5) (30 January 1904): pp. 271–274., “Club Work as a Factor in the Advance of Colored Women,” The Colored American Magazine (February 1906): pp. 83–90., “National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs,” National Association Notes 16(6) (June 1913): pp. 4–8., “The Awakening of Women,” AME Church Review (April 1897): pp. 392–398., “Club Movement Among Negro Women,” Progress of a Race, eds, J.W. Gibson and W.H. Crogman. Atlanta: J.L. Nichols Co., 1903. 197–231., “The Club Movement Among the Colored Women,” The Voice of the Negro 1(3) (March 1904): pp. 99–102., “Work Attempted and Missed in Organized Club Work,” The Colored American Magazine (May 1908): pp. 281–285., “The Need of Organized Womanhood,” The Colored American Magazine (January 1909): pp. 652–653., “A Cloud Upon the Federation Sky,” The History of the General Federation of Women’s Clubs for the First Twenty- Two Years of Its Organization, New York: General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 1912 pp. 127–157.

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Woman’s Rights: “Woman’s Rights” in “Our Woman’s Column,” The Christian Recorder 22 December 1887: p. 5., “Woman’s Rights,” Provincial Freeman 6 May 1854: p. 1., “Miss Remond and the London First of August Meeting,” National Anti-Slavery Standard 12 November 1859., A Voice from the South, Xenia, OH: Aldine Printing House, 1892, 304 pp.: A Voice from the South, Co Bishop Benjamin William Arnett, Our Raison D’être, Soprano Obligato, Womanhood a Vital Element in the Regeneration and Progress of a Race*, The Higher Education of Women, “Woman versus the Indian.”, The Status of Woman in America, Tutti ad Libitum, Has America a Race Problem; If so, how can it Best be Solved?, One Phase of American Literature, What are we Worth?, The Gain from a Belief, “The Woman Question,” The New York Age 26 May 1888., “Women’s Rights,” The Christian Recorder 10 December 1891: p. 2., “Sojourner Truth,” National Anti-Slavery Standard 2 May 1863., “We Are All Bound Up Together,” Proceedings of the Eleventh National Woman’s Rights Convention, New York: Robert J. Johnston, 1866, pp. 45–48., “Mr. Editor,” Provincial Freeman 22 April 1854., “To the Editor” [re Sarah Parker Remond],” National Anti-Slavery Standard 3 September 1859., “Woman’s Convention. Akron, May 28th,” The Liberator 13 June 1851., “Woman’s Rights Convention,” The Anti-Slavery Bugle 21 June 1851., “Woman’s Rights Convention. Meeting at the Broadway Taber- nacle,” New York Daily Times 8 September 1853., Temperance: Bittenbender, Ada M., “Temperance at the National Capital,” Union Signal 5 February 1891, pp. 4–5., “The Moral Education Society,” New National Era 27 February 1873., “Love’s Way (A Christmas Story),” Alexander’s Magazine 1(8) (December 1905): pp. 55–58., “The Work of the W.C.T.U.,” The Atchison Blade 1(17) (5 November 1892)., Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, “Work Among Colored People,” Minutes of the National Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, at the Eleventh Annual Meeting in St. Louis, Missouri October 22nd to 25th, 1884. Chicago: Woman’s Temperance Publication Assocation, 1884, pp. cx–cxiv., “The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and the Colored Woman,” AME Church Review 12(1888): pp. 313–316., “Woman’s Work,” Christian Recorder 7 February 1889: p. 1., “Symposium – Temperance,” AME Church Review (April 1891): pp. 372–375., Mitchell, Frances, “President’s Valedictory Address,” AME Church Magazine 1(11) (1844): pp. 266–268., Silone-Yates, Josephine, “Position of National W.C.T.U. in Relation to Colored People,” Woman’s Era 2(4) (July 1895): pp. 6–7., “Temperance,” “Dear Miss Shadd,” Provincial Freeman 9 June 1855., Truth, Sojourner, “Sojourner Truth, The Aged Ex-Slave, at the Central Church,” Rochester Evening Express 25 July 1878., “All things considered . . . ,” AME Church Review (April 1891): pp. 379–381., “Amanda Smith, the Colored Pioneer,” Union Signal 20 September 1888, p. 7., Suffrage: “Votes for Teachers,” The Crisis, Votes for Women Issue 10(4) (August 1915): p.189., “Woman’s Suffrage. A Potent Agency in Public Reforms,” American Catholic Tribune 22 July 1887., Brown, Mary Olney, “The Right of Colored Women to Vote,” New National Era 24 October 1872., “Colored Women’s Clubs,” The Crisis, Votes for Women Issue 10(4) (August 1915): p. 190., “Black Women and Reform,” The Crisis, Votes for Women Issue 10(4) (August 1915): p. 187., “Speech to Judiciary Committee re: The Rights of Women to Vote,” January 1872, Mary Ann Shadd Cary Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University., “From District of Columbia,” New National Era 5 February 1874 p. 1., “Colored Women’s Professional Franchise Association Statement of Purpose,” 9 February 1880, Mary Ann Shadd Cary Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University., “Colored Women’s Professional Franchise Association, Min- utes of the First Meeting,” 9 February 1880, Mary Ann Shadd Cary Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University., Clifford, Carrie W., “Votes for Children,” The Crisis, Votes for Women Issue 10(4) (August 1915): p. 185., Cook, Coralie Franklin, “Votes for Mothers,” The Crisis, Votes for Women Issue 10(4) (August 1915): pp. 184–185., “Votes and Literature,” The Crisis, Votes for Women Issue 10(4) (August 1915): p. 184., Ensley, Elizabeth Piper, “Election Day,” Woman’s Era 1(9) (December 1894): pp. 17–18., “For Raising the Age of Consent,” Woman’s Era 2(1) (April 1895): p. 7., “A Glance Backward Causes us to Rejoice over the Gains Woman Suffrage has Made . . . ,” Woman’s Era 2(9) (January 1896): p. 11., “Mrs. Frances E.W. Harper on Re- construction,” The Liberator 3 March 1864., “Speech of Mrs. Frances E.W. Harper [at the 1 August 1865 Celebration of the West India Emancipation in Boston],” The Liberator 11 August 1865., “Woman’s Political Future,” The World’s Congress of Representative Women, ed. May Wright Sewall, Chicago: Rand, McNally and Co., 1894 pp. 433–438., “There is quite a Ripple . . . just now in Favor of Woman Suffrage,” Woman’s Department, The Colored American Magazine (July 1900): pp. 122–123., “Y.W.C.A.,” The Crisis, Votes for Women Issue 10(4) (August 1915): pp. 188–189., “The Self-supporting Woman and the Ballot,” The Crisis, Votes for Women Issue 10(4) (August 1915): pp. 187–188., “Woman Suffrage and Social Reform,” The Crisis, Votes for Women Issue 10(4) (August 1915): pp. 189–190., “Suffrage and Our Women,” The Competitor 1(5) (June 1920): pp. 60–61., “Woman Suffrage,” The Colored American Magazine (September 1905): pp. 487–489., “Colored Women as Voters” The Crisis, Woman’s Suffrage Number 4(5) (September 1912): pp. 242–243., “Social Status and Needs of the Colored Women,” The United Negro: His Problems and His Progress. Containing the Addresses and Proceedings of the Negro Young People’s Chris- tian and Educational Congress, Held August 6–11, 1902, eds I. Garland Penn and J.W.E. Bowen,  Atlanta:  D.E.  Luther,  1902, pp. 185–187., “Editor New Era,” New Era 20 January 1870., “Letter from Miss Caroll,” New Era 27 January 1870., “Our Woman’s and Children’s Department . . . Woman Suffrage in Iceland,” Indianapolis World 9 July 1892., “Woman’s Place,” Woman’s Era 1(6) (September 1894): p. 8., “Colored Women and Suffrage,” Woman’s Era 2(7) (November 1895): p. 11., “Trust the Women!” The Crisis, Votes for Women Issue 10(4) (August 1915): p. 188., “Women and Colored Women,” The Crisis, Votes for Women Issue 10(4) (August 1915): p. 184., “A Colored Woman’s Voice [Delivered at 1869 NWSA Convention in Chicago],” The Revolution 3 (4 March 1869): p. 139., “Woman Suffrage and the 15th Amendment,” The Crisis, Votes for Women Issue 10(4) (August 1915): p. 191., “The Justice of Woman Suffrage,” The Crisis, Woman’s Suffrage Number 4(5) (September 1912): pp. 243–245., “The Anniversaries. American Equal Rights Association,” New York Post 9 May 1867., “Woman Suffrage. Proceedings of the Equal Rights Convention,” New York World 11 May 1867., “Speech at First Annual Meeting of the American Equal Rights Association,” National Anti-Slavery Standard 1 June 1867., “Woman Suffrage,” New York Daily Tribune 12 May 1870., “A Veteran Reformer,” Rochester Evening Express 22 July 1878., “Votes for Housewives,” The Crisis, Votes for Women Issue 10(4) (August 1915): p. 192., “Training and the Ballot,” The Crisis, Votes for Women Issue 10(4) (August 1915): pp. 185–186., “Women in Politics,” Woman’s Era 1(8) (November 1894): pp. 12–13., “Our Women,” Chicago Defender 12 July 1913., “The Alpha Suffrage Club,” The Half- Century Magazine September 1916: p. 12., Interracial Cooperation: “Cooperation Between White and Colored Women,” The Missionary Review of the World 45 (1922): pp. 484–487., “Advancement of Women. Meeting of the Association in New York,” The New York Age 19 November 1887., “Inter-racial Activities of Baltimore Women,” Southern Workman 51 (October 1922): pp. 482–484.

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