Subjects

Browse by subject to discover a wide variety of primary and critical materials on various topics including Markets, Formalization and Mathematization, Development and Growth and International Economics. Click on a subject tile to read an overview of the category and view the relevant primary source documents, secondary source book chapters, journal articles and thematic essays.
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Business Cycles and Crises
Since ancient times, economic development has faced ups and downs, and even crises. It suffices to mention the seven fat years and seven lean years…
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Development and Growth
Since the advent of systematic economic analysis, the challenges posed by economic development and growth had been pressing ones for classical economists.  It is no…
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Economic History and Economic Thought
Records of the economic development of regions, provinces and nations can be traced back far in history. In the heyday of Mesopotamia some 4,000 years…
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Economics, Philosophy and Related Social Sciences
Political economy—also termed economic science and, later, economics—emerged during the Enlightenment period as a new, autonomous, discipline, which was distinct from theology, morals and political…
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Formalization and Mathematization
The idea that nature obeys mathematical laws that man can unravel and then use in an attempt to improve his living conditions, can be traced…
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International Economics
A completely isolated State, with no economic relations with other countries, is a recurrent myth born in the imagination of some utopians. In the real…
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Markets
A market is commonly taken to refer to a particular location in space and time where sellers and buyers gather, such as, for example, the…
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Money and Banking
Since Antiquity and from the works of Aristotle onwards, questions about money—and also, from the eighteenth century onwards, about bank credit—have always fascinated political philosophers,…
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Public Economics
The question of public expenditure had always been a delicate issue for states, whether they were towns, principalities, kingdoms or empires. How could they find…
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Technical Progress and Structural Change
The problems of technical and structural change ­– its causes, forms and effects – has been high on the agenda of economic studies ever since…
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Unemployment, Poverty and the Social Question
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the way in which authors looked at poverty, and at what we now call employment and unemployment, changed dramatically.…
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Value and Distribution
The problems of value and distribution are closely intertwined: income distribution – the claims to the results of productive activities – are realised via, and…